Signali i sistemi u rehabilitaciji

Senzornomotorna rehabilitacija je od posebnog značaja za osobe posle povrede ili oboljenja centralnog i perifernog nervnog sistema, mišićnog i skeletnog sistema, ali i za osobe sa genetskim promenama pomenutih sistema. Sadržaj ove knjige su signali i sistemi koji karakterišu organizam čoveka, a koji su od značaja za senzorno-motornu rehabilitaciju.
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Umesto predgovora ........................................................................................................ 5 Uvod ............................................................................................................................... 7 Literatura .................................................................................................................. 10 1. Opšta klasifikacija signala ....................................................................................... 11 1.1 Signali u organizmu od značaja za rehabilitaciju .............................................. 13 1.2 Prikupljanje i analiza signala ............................................................................. 18 Literatura .................................................................................................................. 20 2. Prenos informacija u organizmu .............................................................................. 21 2.1 Ćelijska membrana i kretanje jona ..................................................................... 21 2.2 Ravnotežni membranski potencijal .................................................................... 23 2.3 Akcioni potencijal .............................................................................................. 25 2.4 Refraktorni period .............................................................................................. 26 2.5 Prenos akcionog potencijala .............................................................................. 28 2.6 Kodiranje informacije akcionim potencijalima ................................................. 30 Literatura .................................................................................................................. 31 3. Nervni sistem ........................................................................................................... 32 3.1 Mozak i moždani signali .................................................................................... 35 3.2 Elektroencefalografija (EEG) ............................................................................ 37 3.2.1 EEG ritmovi ................................................................................................ 41 3.2.2 Analiza EEG signala ................................................................................... 42 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 46 3.3 Kortikalni evocirani potencijali ......................................................................... 47 3.3.1 Izdvajanje EP iz EEG signala ..................................................................... 47 3.3.2 Analiza evociranih potencijala .................................................................... 49 3.3.3 Vrste evociranih potencijala ....................................................................... 49 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 54 3.4 Magnetoencefalografija (MEG) ......................................................................... 55 3.4.1 Analiza MEG signala .................................................................................. 58 3.4.2 Poređenje MEG sa drugim sistemima ......................................................... 59 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 60 3.5 Kompjuterska tomografija - CT sken ............................................................... 61 3.5.1. Formiranje CT slike ................................................................................... 63 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 66 3.6 Magnetna rezonanca (MRI) ............................................................................... 67
2 LANA POPOVIĆ MANESKI I BRANISLAVA JEFTIĆ

3.6.1 Određivanje izvora MR signala .................................................................. 74 3.6.2 Formiranje MR slike ................................................................................... 76 3.6.3 Funkcionalna magnetna rezonanca - fMRI ................................................. 79 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 81 3.7 Signali u perifernom nervnom sistemu .............................................................. 82 3.7.1 Elektroneurografija (ENG) ......................................................................... 86 3.7.2 Analiza ENG i EMNG signala .................................................................... 87 3.7.3 Hronaksimetrija (I-T kriva) ......................................................................... 89 Literatura .............................................................................................................. 91 4. Mišićni sistem .......................................................................................................... 92 4.1 Skeletni mišići .................................................................................................... 92 4.2 Elektromiografija (EMG) ................................................................................... 99 4.2.1 Karakteristike EMG signala ...................................................................... 104 4.2.2 Analiza EMG zapisa. ................................................................................ 105 Literatura ............................................................................................................ 110 4.3 Motorni evocirani potencijali ........................................................................... 111 Literatura ............................................................................................................ 114 4.4 Srčani mišić ...................................................................................................... 115 4.4.1 Elektrokardiografija (EKG) ...................................................................... 121 4.4.1.1 EKG talasi i intervali ......................................................................... 122 4.4.1.2 Merenje EKG signala ......................................................................... 124 4.4.1.3 Patološki EKG zapisi ......................................................................... 128 Literatura ........................................................................................................ 129 4.4.2 Fonokardiografija (FKG) .......................................................................... 130 Literatura ........................................................................................................ 131 4.4.3 Ultrazvuk srca ........................................................................................... 132 4.4.3.1 Formiranje ultrazvučne slike .............................................................. 136 Literatura ........................................................................................................ 137 5. Skeletni sistem ....................................................................................................... 138 5.1 Rentgensko zračenje za posmatranje anatomije .............................................. 143 Literatura ............................................................................................................ 145 5.2 Analiza pokreta ................................................................................................ 146 5.2.1 Sistemi za snimanje kinematike pokreta ................................................... 147 5.2.1.1 Sistemi sa kamerama .......................................................................... 147 5.2.1.2 Inercijalni senzori ............................................................................... 150 5.2.1.3 Potenciometri i goniometri ................................................................ 152 5.2.1.4 Profili kinematičkih signala pri pokretima ........................................ 154
SIGNALI I SISTEMI U REHABILITACIJI

5.2.2 Sistemi za merenje dinamike pokreta ....................................................... 158 Literatura ............................................................................................................ 163 6. Vaskularni i respiratorni sistem ............................................................................. 164 6.1 Vaskularni sistem ............................................................................................. 165 6.1.1 Srčani puls ................................................................................................. 165 6.1.2 Krvni pritisak ............................................................................................ 167 6.1.3 Brzina protoka krvi - Dopler krvnih sudova ............................................. 169 6.2 Respiratorni sistem .......................................................................................... 173 6.2.1 Ritam disanja ............................................................................................ 174 6.2.2 Kapacitet pluća .......................................................................................... 175 6.2.3 Brzina protoka vazduha ............................................................................ 176 6.2.4 Zasićenost krvi kiseonikom ...................................................................... 177 Literatura ................................................................................................................ 179